2.1 Digital Threats

The escalating wave of cyber risks targeting both individuals and organizations worldwide.

The digital attack surface has grown exponentially over the last decade. What once was limited to viruses and spam has evolved into a complex ecosystem of cybercrime-as-a-service, where attackers sell or rent ready-made toolkits designed to compromise both individuals and enterprises.

In Web3, the stakes are even higher. Unlike Web2 systems, where accounts can be recovered or transactions reversed, blockchain interactions are irreversible by design. If a private key is stolen or a wallet drainer executes successfully, the assets are lost permanently. This creates a high-value, high-risk environment where attackers are heavily incentivized to innovate.

Key modern digital threats include:

• Clipboard Hijackers – malware that silently swaps a copied wallet address with the attacker’s, tricking users into sending funds to the wrong destination.

• Keyloggers – software designed to record keystrokes, capturing seed phrases and private keys.

• Wallet Drainer Kits – ready-to-use exploit kits sold on dark markets that can empty a wallet within seconds once a malicious approval is signed.

• Phishing-as-a-Service – subscription-based services that provide pre-built phishing sites targeting crypto wallets, exchanges, and dApps.

The speed and efficiency of these threats overwhelm traditional security models. Individuals without enterprise-grade security infrastructure are left exposed, while organizations face millions in damages and reputational harm. In this environment, prevention and real-time neutralization are no longer optional, they are critical.